Questions 1-10
Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South
Africa suggest that a close relative of early humans known as Australopithecus
robustus may have made and used primitive tools long before the species became
extinct I million Line years ago. It may even have made and used
primitive tools long before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy
man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted
with Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South Africa for more than a
million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the
1940’s. The earliest fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave
date from about 1.9 million years ago and contain extensive remains of animals,
primitive tools, and two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent
discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first
time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the
pollical distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an
attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that
had previously been found only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave
Australopithecus robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them
to grip objects, including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and
stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- more “robust” in
anthropological terms-than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws,
and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were used for eating hard fruits,
seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright, which would
have allowed them to carry and use tools. Most experts had previously believed
that Homo habilis were able to supplant Australopithecus robustus because the
former’s ability to use tools gave them an innate superiority. The discovery
that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers will have
to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their reliance on
naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier
and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able
tomake more sophisticated tools.
1.
It can be inferred from the first
paragraph that all of the following may have made and used tools EXCEPT.
(A)
Australopithecus robustus
(B)
Homo erectus
(C) Homo habilis
(D)
Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors
(answer)
Paragraf di atas menjelaskan bahwa alat-alat primitif itu mulai
digunakan oleh Australophitecus robustus bersama-sama dengan Homo Habilis dan
penerusnya, Homo erectus. Berarti yang bukan adalah nenek moyang
Australophitecus robustus.
2.
The word “extensive” in line 9 is
closest in meaning to
(A)
Numerous (answer)
(B)
Exposed
(C) Ancient
(D)
Valuable
Extensive memiliki arti luas atau dalam jumlah besar sehingga kata yang
paling dekat artinya dengan kata tersebut adalah numerous.
3.
Which of the following does the author
mention as the most important recent discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
(A)
Tools
(B)
Teeth
(C) Plant fossils
(D)
Hand bones (answer)
Jawaban tersebut bisa dilihat pada paragraf 2 kalimat The key recent
discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first
time such bones have been found yang menyatakan bahwa penemuan yang paling
penting adalah hand bones.
4.
What does the third paragraph ‘mainly
discuss?
(A)
Features of Australopithecus robustus’
hand (answer)
(B)
Purposes for which hominids used tools
(C) Methods used to determine the
age of fossils
(D)
Significant plant fossils found in layers
of sediment
Jawaban sangat jelas ditemukan pada kalimat pertama paragraf tersebut
yaitu membahas tentang ciri (feature) dari Australopithecus robustus.
5.
It can be inferred from the description
in the last paragraph that Australopithecus robustus was so named because of
the species’
(A)
ancestors
(B)
thumb
(C)
build (answer)
(D)
diet
Paragraf 4 kalimat pertama, Australopithecus robustus were more heavily
built-more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their successors menjelaskan
bahwa kata robustus berasal dari robust, istilah antropologi yang merujuk pada
perawakan atau bentuk fisik (build) dengan ciri-ciri yang dijelaskan pada
kalimat selanjutnya.
6.
The word “supplant” in line 22 is
closest in meaning to
(A)
exploit
(B)
displace (answer)
(C) understand
(D)
imitate
Kata supplant memiliki arti “menggantikan” sehingga kata yang paling
dekat artinya dengan kata tersebut pada pilihan yang tersedia adalah displace
(menggantikan).
7.
The word “them” in line 23 refers to
(A)
tools
(B)
Homo habilis (answer)
(C) Australopithecus robustus
(D)
Experts
Them pada kalimat tersebut merujuk pada subjek yang disebutkan
sebelumnya yaitu Homo habilis.
8.
What does the author suggest is unclear
about Australopithecus robustus?
(A)
Whether they used tools
(B)
What they most likely ate
(C) Whether they are closely
related to humans
(D)
Why they became extinct (answer)
Jawaban tersebut bisa ditemukan pada paragraf terakhir kalimat The
discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers
will have to seek other explanations for their extinction yang menyarankan
kepada para peneliti untuk mencari sebab-sebab lain kepunahan jenis manusia
primitif tersebut.
9.
The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is
closest in meaning to
(A)
impact on
(B)
dependence on (answer)
(C) tolerance of
(D)
discovery of
Reliance on memiliki arti kebergantungan yang bersesuaian dengan kata
dependence on (ketergantungan).
10.
Where in the passage does the author
mention the materials from which tools were made?
(A)
Lines 7-9
(B)
Lines 12-13
(C) Lines 15-17 (answer)
(D)
Lines 21-23
Penulis menyebutkan beberapa alat serta asal bahannya pada baris 15-17:
“…an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects,
including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and stone
implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.” Yaitu
bentuk tulang yang memungkinkan mereka mencengkeram alat dan alat dari batu
untuk peralatan menggali.
Questions 11-20
The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe
hunters. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes
responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis,
cholera, diphtheria. But there, remained some terrible diseases for which no
microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was
discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace
substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming
foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s and
1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters replaced the microbe
hunters.
In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to learn why each of the
vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in
metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the
chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function. Now, these
enzyme hunters occupied center stage.
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed
of hunters who are tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the enzymes-and
are discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseases-diabetes,
cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA
technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells
and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and
vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has
become a multibillion-dollar industry.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain: What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain: What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.
11.
What is the main topic of the passage?
(A)
The microbe hunters
(B)
The potential of genetic engineering
(C) The progress of modem medical
research (answer)
(D)
The discovery of enzymes
Ide pokok bacaan di atas adalah perkembangan penelitian medis modern,
mulai dari microbe hunters, enzyme hunters hingga gene hunters yang
masing-masing selanjutnya dijelaskan dengan lebih detil.
12.
The word “which” in line 4 refers to
(A)
Diseases (answer)
(B)
microbe
(C) cholera
(D)
diphtheria
Which pada kalimat tersebut merujuk pada penyakit-penyakit serius (terrible
diseases) yang tidak bisa dilawan oleh mikroba.
13.
The word “incriminated” in line 4 is
closest in meaning to
(A)
investigated
(B)
blamed (answer)
(C) eliminated
(D)
produced
Incriminate memiliki arti “menyalahkan” sehingga yang paling tepat di
antara pilihan tersebut adalah blamed yang memiliki makna yang sama.
14.Which of the following can be cured by a change in diet?
(A)
Tuberculosis
(B)
Cholera
(C) Cystic fibrosis
(D)
Pellagra (answer)
Berdasarkan paragraf pertama baris 4, beberapa penyakit yang dapat
disembuhkan melalui perubahan pola makan yang lebih sehat, yaitu makanan yang
banyak mengandung vitamin seperti scurvy, pellagra, rickets dan beriberi.
15.
The word “strived” in line 9 is closest
in meaning to
(A)
failed
(B)
tried (answer)
(C) experimented
(D)
studied
Strived memiliki kesamaan arti dengan attempt, try, dan make effort yang
semuanya berarti berusaha atau berjuang.
16.How do vitamins influence health?
(A)
They are necessary for some enzymes to
function. (answer)
(B)
They protect the body from microbes.
(C) They keep food from spoiling.
(D)
They are broken down by cells to produce
energy.
Fungsi vitamin terhadap kesehatan tubuh adalah untuk membantu enzim
(sebagai coenzyme) untuk menghasilkan kimia yang meyediakan sel dengan energi
untuk pertumbuhan dan fungsinya. Penjelasan ini dapat dilihat pada baris ke
9-11.
17.
In the third paragraph, the author
compares cells that have been genetically altered by biotechnicians to
(A)
gardens
(B)
factories (answer)
(C) hunters
(D)
spotlights
Jawaban bisa ditemukan pada baris 14-17 yang membandingkan sel-sel yang
dihasilkan oleh ahli biologi melalui recombinant DNA dengan sel-sel bakteri dan
tanaman yang menciptakan pabrik-pabrik untuk memproduksi hormon dan vaksin.
18.
The word “them” in line 16 refers to
(A)
cells and plants
(B)
hormones
(C) genes (answer)
(D)
gene hunters or genetic engineers
Them pada kalimat tersebut mengacu pada gen yang diidentifikasi dan
dikloning melalui rekombinan DNA.
19.The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A)
receive the most attention
(answer)
(B)
go the furthest
(C) conquer territory
(D)
lighten the load
Occupy the spotlight memiliki arti “mendapatkan tempat yang dapat
menarik perhatian banyak orang” sehingga ungkapan yang paling dekat untuk
menggantikan frasa tersebut adalah receive the most attention.
20.
The author implies that the most
important medical research topic of the future will be
(A)
the functions of the brain
(answer)
(B)
inherited diseases
(C) the operation of vitamins
(D)
the structure of genes
Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada paragraf terkahir yang menyatakan bahwa
penulis berasumsi pada masa yang akan datang, yang menjadi sorotan utama adalah
mereka yang menerapkan teknik pemburu-pemburu sebelumnya dengan fungsi otak
sehingga fungsi otak diramalkan mejadi isu utama nantinya.
Questions 21-25
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural
resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of
the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery,
transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into
wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic ingredients of industrial growth-were
plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise,
organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the
growth of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the
railroad map of the United States looked like a spider’s web, with the steel
filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of
manufacture, and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to
the industrial growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by
themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine
tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part
of the nineteenth century-always with an eye to speedier production and lower
unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing
cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban
population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was
made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery. American
agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses
for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)
The history of railroads in the United
States
(B)
The major United States industrial
centers
(C) Factors that affected
industrialization in the United States (answer)
(D)
The role of agriculture in the
nineteenth century
Bacaan tersebut terutama membahas faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi
industrialisasi di AS yang antara lain mencakup perkemabangan rel kereta api,
peralatan mesin dan tenaga kerja.
22.
The word “ingredients” in line 4 is
closest in meaning to
(A)
minerals
(B)
products
(C) methods
(D)
components (answer)
Kata ingredients mempunyai arti bahan, unsur, komponen, atau elemen yang
membentuk sesuatu. Maka jawaban yang paling tepat adalah components.
23.
Why does the author mention “a spider’s
web” in line 8?
(A)
To emphasize the railroad’s consumption
of oil and coal
(B)
To describe the complex structure of the
railway system (answer)
(C) To explain the problems brought
on by railway expansion
(D)
To describe the difficulties involved in
the distribution of raw materials
Istilah spider’s web menggambarkan rumitnya susunan sistem rel
kereta api pada waktu itu seperti jaring laba-laba.
24.
The word “themselves” in line 10 refers
to
(A)
sources
(B)
centers
(C) railroads (answer)
(D)
places
Them pada kalimat tersebut mengacu pada jalan kereta api itu sendiri
yang berkontribusi tidak hanya dalam menghubungkan kota-kota penting tetapi
juga karena kereta itu sendiri mengonsumsi bahan bakar.
25.
According to the passage, all of the
following were true of railroads in the United States in the nineteenth century
EXCEPT that
(A)
they connected important industrial
cities
(B)
they were necessary to the
industrialization process
(C) they were expanded in a short
time
(D)
they used relatively small quantities of
natural resources (answer)
Berdasarkan informasi pada paragraf 2, jalur kereta api berkembang
sangat cepat hingga menyerupai jaring laba-laba, menghubungkan pusat-pusat kota
industri di negara itu serta berkontribusi besar dalam pertumbuhan
industri. Oleh karena itu jawaban yang tidak benar adalah pilihan D karena
berlawanan dengan fakta yang ada.
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